Hong Kong Calculators

Perpetuity Calculator

Calculate the present value of a perpetual periodic payment (with or without growth).

輸入資料

The fixed periodic payment or cash flow D.
HK$
The discount (required return) rate R; must exceed the growth rate.
%
The per-period growth rate G of the payment (0 for a plain perpetuity); must be below R.
%

計算結果

Present value of the perpetual stream.
HK$166.67

重點速覽:A perpetuity is a cash flow that continues forever, paying a fixed amount each period. Its present value is the sum of every future payment discounted back — although payments never stop, the time value of money makes distant payments approach zero, so the total converges to a finite number. A plain perpetuity has PV = D ÷ R (D is the periodic payment, R the discount rate); if the payment grows at a constant rate G, use the growing-perpetuity formula PV = D ÷ (R − G), where G must be less than R. It is used in Hong Kong to value preferred shares, perpetual bonds or tenanted property, and is the core model behind the terminal value in discounted cash flow (DCF) valuation.

計算公式

Plain perpetuity: PV = D ÷ R, D = periodic payment, R = discount rate.

Growing perpetuity: PV = D ÷ (R − G), G = growth rate (requires R > G).

The condition R > G is necessary; otherwise PV diverges to infinity.

$$PV = \dfrac{D}{R} \quad (\text{一般永續年金})$$
$$PV = \dfrac{D}{R - G} \quad (\text{成長型}, R > G)$$

使用說明

  1. Enter the fixed periodic payment.
  2. Enter the discount rate (required return).
  3. Enter a growth rate if the payment grows each period (0 if none); the present value shows instantly.

每期派息 HK$10,000,在不同折現率 R 與增長率 G 下的永續年金現值

每期派息 HK$10,000,在不同折現率 R 與增長率 G 下的永續年金現值
折現率 R增長率 GR − G現值 PV
8%0%8%HK$125,000
8%2%6%HK$166,667
6%2%4%HK$250,000
6%3%3%HK$333,333

理財情境案例

案例一:優先股的估值

某優先股每年固定派息 HK$5,投資者要求回報率 (折現率) 為 6%,派息不設增長 (G = 0)。

以一般永續年金公式 PV = D ÷ R = 5 ÷ 0.06,得出每股合理價值約 HK$83.33。若該優先股市價低於此數,理論上有折讓、值博;高於此數則偏貴。這說明只要派息穩定不變,優先股便可視作永續年金來估值,關鍵在於折現率是否合理反映其風險。

案例二:收租物業的成長型永續估值

一項收租物業每年淨租金收入 HK$240,000,要求回報率 4%,並假設租金每年以 2% 永續增長。

以成長型公式 PV = D ÷ (R − G) = 240,000 ÷ (0.04 − 0.02),估值約 HK$12,000,000。若假設租金完全不增長 (G = 0),估值則只有 240,000 ÷ 0.04 = HK$6,000,000——僅僅假設 2% 租金增長,估值便翻了一倍。這突顯永續估值對增長率極度敏感,評估收租物業時,增長率假設是否站得住腳,直接左右結論,切忌過度樂觀。

常見問題

永續派息為何有有限的現值?

雖然派息永不停止,但因貨幣時間價值,越遠期的派息現值越低,越接近零。把所有派息的現值相加會收斂到一個有限數值,即永續年金現值。

為何增長率必須小於折現率?

若增長率大於或等於折現率,每期派息的現值不再遞減,總和會發散至無限大,數學上無法得出有限現值,因此本計算器要求 R > G。

永續年金有哪些實際例子?

優先股的固定股息、永久債券 (如英國曾發行的 Consols)、收租物業的租金收入等,都可近似以永續年金估值,但現實中派息未必真的永久不變。

增長率一點點的變化,為何令現值差這麼多?

因為公式的分母是「折現率減增長率 (R − G)」,這個差距越小,現值越大,而且是非線性放大。以每期派息 HK$10,000、折現率 6% 為例:增長率 2% 時現值 HK$250,000,但增長率升至 3% 時現值跳升至 HK$333,333——增長率只多 1 個百分點,現值卻多逾 8 萬。這說明成長型永續估值對增長率假設極度敏感,稍為樂觀就會大幅推高估值,使用時務必保守並做敏感度分析。

永續年金和 DCF 的終值有何關係?

關係密切。DCF 估值法計算「永續終值」時,用的正是成長型永續年金公式 (Gordon 模型):把預測期後的現金流當成一筆以固定增長率永續下去的年金,用 D ÷ (R − G) 估算其在預測期末的價值,再折現回今天。因此本計算器算出的永續現值,本質上就是 DCF 中「終值」那一塊的計算原理。理解永續年金,有助掌握為何 DCF 估值大部分價值往往來自終值。

相關工具

參考資料

Reviewed by the Hong Kong Calculator finance team. Calculation logic and formulas follow the personal finance guidance of the Hong Kong Monetary Authority (HKMA) and the Investor and Financial Education Council (IFEC). Results are for reference only; please refer to the relevant authorities for the latest figures.

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