Biology Calculators
Genetics, ecology and physiology metrics — biology calculations.
Hardy–Weinberg Equilibrium Calculator
Enter the dominant allele frequency p to instantly compute the genotype frequencies p² (AA), 2pq (Aa), q² (aa) and the dominant/recessive phenotype proportions, with a reference table common in DSE Biology.
Allele Frequency Calculator
Enter the counts of AA, Aa, and aa genotypes to compute dominant and recessive allele frequencies (p and q) and total allele counts, with a population-genetics reference table.
Punnett Square Calculator
Select both parents' genotypes (AA, Aa, or aa) to instantly compute offspring genotype ratios (AA, Aa, aa) and dominant/recessive phenotype ratios, with a reference table of classic Mendelian ratios.
Bacteria Generation Time Calculator
Enter the initial count, final count, and elapsed time to compute the number of generations, generation (doubling) time, and division rate, with a reference table of common bacteria doubling times.
Cell Dilution Calculator
Enter stock concentration, target concentration, and target final volume; the tool uses C₁V₁ = C₂V₂ to find the stock volume, diluent volume, and dilution factor, with a common dilution-factor reference table.
Cell Doubling Time Calculator
Enter the initial and final cell counts (or concentrations) and the elapsed time; the tool computes doubling time, growth rate, and number of doublings, with a reference table of common cell lines.
DNA/RNA Concentration Calculator
Enter the A260 absorbance, nucleic-acid type (dsDNA/ssDNA/RNA), dilution factor, and path length to instantly compute nucleic-acid concentration (μg/mL and ng/μL), with a reference table of common conversion factors.
Protein Concentration Calculator
Enter the 280 nm absorbance, molar extinction coefficient, molecular weight, dilution factor, and path length to compute protein concentration (mg/mL and molar) via the Beer–Lambert law, with a reference table of common proteins.
Log Reduction Calculator
Enter microbial counts before and after treatment to compute log reduction, percent reduction, and surviving fraction, with a 1-log to 6-log reference table.
Mutation Frequency Calculator
Enter the number of mutant colonies and total plated cells to compute mutation frequency (mutants per cell), evaluating mutagenic effects and genetic stability.
PCR Annealing Temperature Calculator
Enter the less-stable primer's melting temperature Tmᵖ and the template Tmᵗ to compute the optimal annealing temperature Ta*, plus a simple Tmᵖ−5 starting reference.
DNA Copy Number Calculator
Enter the DNA mass (ng), fragment length (bp), and mass per base pair to compute the number of DNA copies, for qPCR absolute quantification and standard curves.